Clinical Ophthalmology
Clinical Ophthalmology will upgrade your insight with knowledge into regular visual illnesses, ophthalmic surgical and laser methods, clinical life structures and visual therapeutics. You will create expository aptitudes for taking care of clinical case issues and assessing distributed research, and increase significant research involvement through the open door.
- Ocular Refraction and Therapeutics
- Community Ophthalmology
- Eye and Surroundings Disorders
- Eye and Sorroundings Disorders
- Ocular Refraction and Therapeutics
- Community Ophthalmology
- Special Lenses for Special Indications
Related Conference of Clinical Ophthalmology
March 27-28 , 2019 Hongkong
4th International Conference on Ophthalmology
July 29-30, 2019
18thAsia Pacific Ophthalmologists Annual Meeting
| Mercure Melbourne Albert Park | Melbourne, Australia
August 22-23, 2019
4th International Conference & Expo on Euro Optometry and Vision Science
Vienna, Austria
October 11-12, 2019
30th International Conference on Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology
Dublin, Ireland
20th Ophthalmologists Annual Meeting
Tokyo, Japan
Clinical Ophthalmology Conference Speakers
Recommended Sessions
- Behavioural Optometry
- Cataract and Refractive Surgery
- Clinical Ophthalmology
- Cornea disorder and treatments
- Eye Care
- Eye Development and Control Mechanisms
- Glaucoma: A Vision loss
- Neuro Ophthalmology
- Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
- Ophthalmologists Career and Training
- Ophthalmology Imaging and Instruments
- Ophthalmology Research and Novel Approaches
- Ophthalmology Surgery
- Pediatric Ophthalmology
- Refractive Suregery
- Retina and Retinal Diseases
Related Journals
Are you interested in
- Acupuncture and Diabetic Retinopathy - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Advanced Ophthalmological Care - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Advanced Ophthalmological Care - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Amblyopia - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- An Ayurvedic Guide to better Vision & Eye Health - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- An Ayurvedic Guide to better Vision & Eye Health - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Anaesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Anisometropia and Aniseikonia - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Annual Ophthalmologists Meet - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Behavioural Optometry - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Bio-materials in Ophthalmology - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion (brvo) - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Cataract - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Cataract and Refractive Surgery - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Cataract and Refractive Surgery - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Cataract Diabetes - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Cataract Surgery - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Cataract: Vision Problem - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Cataracts - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Causes symptoms and diagnosis of glaucoma - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Childhood Blindness Prevalence and Causes - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Clinical and Surgical Ophthalmology - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Clinical Ophthalmology - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Clinical Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Clinical Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Clinical Optometry - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Clinical Trials & Drug Development in Ophthalmology - Ophthalmologists 2019 (Japan)
- Clinical Trials & Drug Development in Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Clinical, Surgical Ophthalmology and Diagnostics Tools - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Colour Blindness - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Comprehensive Eye Care - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Computer Vision Syndrome - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Contact Lens & Refraction - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Cornea - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Cornea and Corneal diseases - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Cornea Disorders And Treatment - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Cornea Disorders and Treatments - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Cornea, External Eye Diseases & Eye Banking - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Corneal and External Diseases - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Cosmetic /Aesthetic ophthalmology - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Diabetic Eye Care - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Diabetic Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Diabetic retinopathy - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Diabetic Retinopathy - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Diabetic Retinopathy - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Diagnostic Instruments in Optometry - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Digital Eye Strain - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Diplopia or Double Vision - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Disorders of Sclera, Cornea, Iris and Ciliary Body - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Dry Eye and Blepharitis - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Dry eye and Red eye Assessments - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Dry eye syndrome - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Emerging ocular melanoma treatments - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Entrepreneurs Investment Meet - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Entrepreneurs Investment Meet - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Entrepreneurs Investment Meet - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Evidence-based Medicine in Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Extracapsular cataract extraction - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Eye care and Prevention - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Eye Care Delivery - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Eye Care Standards, Ethics & Research - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Eye Conditions and Treatments - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Eye Development and control mechanisms - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Eye development cell biology & Novel Technology - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Eye Exercises and its effects - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Eye Health - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Eye Lens and Refractive Errors - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Eye Sight and Vision. - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Eye strains and computer vision syndrome - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Eye Surgeries - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Eye Surgeries - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Eye Surgery - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Eye surgery - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Eye Surgery - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Fluorescein angiography - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Future of glaucoma treatment and management - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Gene therapy in Ophthalmology - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Genetic Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Genetical Disorders of Eye - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Glaucoma - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Glaucoma - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Glaucoma - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Glaucoma - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Glaucoma - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Glaucoma and Orthokeratology - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Glaucoma: A Vision Loss - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Glaucoma: Diagnosis, Treatment & Management - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Glaucoma: Visual Field Loss - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension – Ocular Migraine - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Infant Vision - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Innovations in Eye Care - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Innovations in Eye Care - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- International Ophthalmology Clinical Practice Guidelines - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Intraocular melanoma - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Iris Disorders - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Laser iridotomy - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Laser treatments: Results and Side Effects - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- LASIK - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- LASIK, RLE, PHAKIC IOLS & PRK - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Latest Eye Research - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Looming ocular surgeries - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Low Vision & quality-of-life - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Major Ophthalmologic Surgery - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Melanoma and Treatments - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Microbiology and Immunotherapy in Ophthalmology - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Molecular Genetics in Glaucoma - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Molecular Vision and Bio-Genetics - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Nano Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Nano-ophthalmology - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Neuro Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Neuro Ophthalmology - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Neuro Ophthalmology - Ophthalmologists 2019 (Japan)
- Neuro Ophthalmology - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Neuro Ophthalmology - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Neuro Ophthalmology - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Neuro-Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Neuro-ophthalmology - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Neuro-Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Neuro-Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Neuro-ophthalmology - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Neuro-Ophthalmology - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Neuro-Ophthalmology and Research - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Neuroscience of Visual Impairment - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Neurotrophic Keratopathy - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- New Surgical Treatments For Glaucoma - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Novel diagnostic prognostic and therapeutic tools - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Ocular and Neurologics Evaluation - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Ocular Biochemistry - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Ocular Biomechanics - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Ocular complications management - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Ocular Diagnosis and Ophthalmic Imaging - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Ocular Diseases - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Ocular Disorders - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Ocular Imaging - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Ocular Microbiology - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Ocular Microbiology - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Ocular Microbiology and Immunology - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Ocular Microbiology and Ocular Immunology - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Ocular Microbiology and Oncology - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Ocular Oncology - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Ocular Oncology - Ophthalmologists 2019 (Japan)
- Ocular Oncology - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Ocular oncology - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Ocular Oncology and Ocular Pharmacology - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Ocular Pharmacology - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Ocular tumors-Ocular melanoma - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Oculoplastic Surgery and Diabetic Retinopathy - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Oculoplastics - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Oculoplasty - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Ophthalmic Case Studies - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Ophthalmic Case Studies - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Ophthalmic Disorders - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmic Drug Delivery - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Ophthalmic Drug Delivery - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Ophthalmic Lenses - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Ophthalmic Lenses - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Ophthalmic Nurses and Practitioners - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmic Oncology - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Ophthalmic Optics / Optometry - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Ophthalmic Pathology & Microbiology - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Ophthalmic Pharmacology - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Ophthalmic Photography - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Ophthalmic research and Drug delivery - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Ophthalmic Research and Drug Delivery - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmic Research and Drug Development - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Ophthalmic Surgery - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Ophthalmic Vision Science - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Ophthalmogenetics and Gene Therapy - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Ophthalmologists Career & Training - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Ophthalmologists Career & Training - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmology - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Ophthalmology - Eye Vision 2019 (Indonesia)
- Ophthalmology and Optometry meeting - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Ophthalmology Business/ Practice - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Ophthalmology Case Reports - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmology Case Reports - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Ophthalmology Disorders - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Ophthalmology Disorders - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Ophthalmology for General Practitioner - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Ophthalmology Instruments and Technologies - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Ophthalmology Novel Approaches - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmology Practice - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmology Practice - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Ophthalmology Practice and medical procedure - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Ophthalmology Practice/Business - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmology Practise - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Ophthalmology Research and Novel Approaches - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Ophthalmology Surgery - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Ophthalmology Surgery - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Ophthalmology Surgery - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Optics and Vision Science - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Optometrists Career, Training and Education - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Optometrists Courses & Education - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Optometry & Contact Lenses - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Optometry & Contact Lenses - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Optometry and Vision Science - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Optometry and Vision Science - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Optometry and Vision Science - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Optometry and Vision Science - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Optometry and Vision science - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Optometry and VisionScience - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Orbital Exenteration Surgery - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Orbital, Oculoplastic & Lacrimal Diseases - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Paediatric Ophthalmology and Infant Vision : - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Paediatric Optometry - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Paediatric Optometry and Glaucoma - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Pediatric Cataract Surgery - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Pediatric Glaucoma - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology & Infant Vision - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Pediatric Optometry - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Pediatric Strabismus - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Perception and Visual Cognition - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Pharmacology of Ocular Drugs - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- POAG, RNFL, OCT - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Primary and Secondary Glaucoma - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Recent Researches in Vision Science and Ophthalmology: - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Refractive Errors in Children - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Refractive Eye Surgery - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)
- Refractive Surgery Ocular Surface Disease - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Refractive Surgery, Cataract & Lens Surgery - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Removal of an Eye, Artificial Eyes, and Socket Care - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Retina & its Disorders - Euro-ophthalmology 2018 (Ireland)
- Retina and Cataract - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Retina and Retinal Disease - Ophthalmologists 2019 (Japan)
- Retina and Retinal Diseases - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Retina and Retinal Diseases - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Retina and Retinal Disorders - Pediatric Ophthalmology (Germany)
- Retina and Retinal Disorders - Ophthalmology 2019 (Ireland)
- Retina and Retinal Surgery - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Retina Disorders during Glaucoma - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Retina: Innovations, Research, New tech - Eye 2019 (UAE)
- Retinal and eye disorders - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Retinal care - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Retinal Diseases: Diagnosis, Treatment & management - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Scrutiny of Visual Sensory System - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Smartphones, Eyestrain and Discomfort - Glaucoma 2019 (UAE)
- Surgical Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Thyroid Eye Disease (TED or Graves Eye Disease) - Ophthalmology Summit 2019 (Italy)
- Track 10: Ophthalmic Oncology - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 11: Orbital Disorders and surgery - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 12: Vision Rehabilitation - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 1: Ophthalmology - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 2: Clinical Ophthalmology - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 3: Oculoplastic Surgery - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 4: Pediatric Ophthalmology - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 5: Cataract and Refractive Surgery - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 6: Glaucoma: Visual field loss - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 7: Retina and Retinal Surgery - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 8: Neuro Ophthalmology - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Track 9: Optometry and Contact Lens - Oculoplastic Surgery 2019 (USA)
- Traditional/Herbal/ Ayurvedic Medicine in Ophthalmology - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Traditional/Herbal/ Ayurvedic Medicine in Ophthalmology - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Uncorrected Refractive Error - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Vestibulo–ocular reflex - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Veterinary Ophthalmology - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Veterinary Vision - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Vision Rehabilitation - Ophthalmologists Meeting 2019 (USA)
- Vision Rehabilitation - Ophthalmology Meeting 2018 (Netherlands)
- Vision Science and Technologies of Ophthalmology - Neuro Ophthalmology-2019 (Australia)
- Vision screening - Ophthalmology Conference 2019 (Australia)
- Vision Therapy - VisionScience 2019 (Austria)
- Visual Neuroscience - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Visual Vertigo - World Ophthalmology 2019 (Hong Kong)
- Visualizing Techniques - Euro Optometry 2019 (Austria)
- Vitreous detachment - Ophthalmic Surgery 2019 (Australia)